Contents
|
|
Programme
Contents
|
In 1988 the ‘transient receptor potential’ or trp gene was cloned from Drosophila. This gene encoded an ion channel subunit that, in mutated form, was responsible for generating a transient receptor potential (rather than a sustained depolarization) of the compound eye. Molecular cloning of a Ca2+-calmodulin- (CaCaM)- binding protein expressed in Drosophila eyes subsequently identified a close structural homologue, called trp-like. Both proteins were predicted to be membrane proteins that span the membrane six times with cytosolic N- and C-termini, no voltage sensor, but sequence similarity to voltage-gated channels. The subunits assemble as a tetramer to form non-selective cation channels with significant Ca2+ permeability. The first mammalian homolog of the TRP channesl – designated TRPC (for classical, or canonical) was cloned in 1995. There are now six sub-famlies (C, V, M, P, ML and A) and 31 members, with a broad range of physiological functions, often associated with transduction of sensory signals. That said, TRPC channels are more enigmatic and their role has been linked with store-operated Ca2+ entry, and activation via a diverse range of modalities, including G protein-coupled receptor signaling, IP3 receptor, and Ca2+-calmodulin modulation. TRPC channel physiology is now being advanced with the support of transgenic models, revealing broad significance across domains as diverse as the regulation of intraluminal pressure-induced Bayliss effect and in the vagus-induced muscarinic receptor-dependent intestinal smooth muscle cell contraction. Vascular endothelial cell Ca2+ entry through TRPC leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation. In non-excitable cells such as lung endothelial cells, Ca2+ entering through a TRPC contributes to the NFkB activation cascade and increases vascular permeability as seen in endotoxin induced lung injury. In platelets, Na+ entering through TRPC channels promotes Ca2+ entry via Na+-Ca2+ exchanger(s) critical in platelet activation and thrombus formation. In lymphocytes, Ca2+ entering through TRPC channels activates the CaCaM-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) leading to dephosphorylation of phosphoNFATc, its translocation into the nucleus and activation of NFAT activated genes. In this last scenario, TRPCs are proinflammatory, in the cardiovascular system TRPCs are critical in blood pressure regulation and vascular tone, in the gut TRPCs are critical for normal intestinal transit. In a system akin to invertebrate visual transduction, the activation of melanopsin by light in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) leads to activation of PLCbeta5 and two TRPC channel types. The ensuing depolarization is critical for entrainment of circadian rhythms in the supraoptic chiasmatic nucleus that receives afferents from the ipRGCs. A summary of TRPC roles is outlined in the Table. In the cochlea, TRPC channels contribute to regulation of sound transduction in the sensory hair cells.
Examples of roles of TRPC channels (non-selective calcium-permeable cation channels) as seen from different points of view. Most of the roles were deduced from studying phenotypes developed in the corresponding knock-out mice or cells.
| 1. | Mechanistic | |
| electrogenic coupling of GPCRs to voltage gated Ca2+ channels in excitable cells (e.g. Tsvilovskyy et al., 2011) | All TRPCs | |
| direct Ca entry in excitable cells (e.g. Munsch et al., 2003) |
TRPC4
|
|
| direct Ca2+ entry in non-excitable cells (e.g. Tauseef et al., 2012) | TRPC6 | |
| 2. | Biochemical | |
| NFAT activation – Calcineurin (CaN) activation by Ca-calmodulin (CaCaM) (Seth et al., 2009; Poteser et al., 2011) | TRPC1; TRPC3 | |
| TLR4-CD14 signaling - MLCK (CaCaM) (Tauseef et al., 2012) | TRPC6 | |
| NFkB activation in endothelial cells (ECs) | ||
| – by GPCR - CaMKKβ (CaCaM) in ECs (Bair et al., 2010) | TRPC4 | |
| – by LPS - MLCK (CaCaM) MyD88-IRAK4-MLCK complex in ECs (Tauseef et al., 2012) | TRPC6 | |
| TNFα signaling - CaMKII (CaCaM) in monocytes (Smedlund et al., 2010) | TRPC3 | |
| CaN activation by CaCaM - NFAT (Poteser et al., 2011) | TRPC3 | |
| CaMKKIIβ-activation by CaCaM in activation of NFkB (Bair et al., 2011) | TRPC4 | |
| CaMKII activation by CaCaM - TNFα signaling - Ca-CaM-CaMKII (Tano & Vazquez, 2010) | TRPC3 | |
| MLCK activation by CaCaM – activation of NFkB by LPS (Tauseef et al., 2012) | TRPC6 | |
| cGMP-indpendent signaling of the ANP receptorGC-A (/membrane guanylyl cylcase A) (Klaiber et al., 2011) | TRPC3-C6 | |
| 3. | Physiological | |
| agonist-induced Ca mediated neurotransmitter release from dendrites (Munsch et al., 2003) | TRPC4 | |
| synaptic transmission and motor control; slow EPSCs (Hartmann et al., 2008) | TRPC3 | |
| neuronal afterdepolarization (Stroh et al., 2012) | TRPC1-C4* | |
| plateau potentials in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons (Tai et al., 2010) | TRPC5 | |
| control of vascular tone (Welsh et al., 2003; Dietrich et al., 2005) | TRPC6 | |
| endothelial cell NO-EDRF (endothelium derived relaxing factor) generation - vascular smooth muscle relaxation (Freichel et al., 2001) | TRPC4 | |
| endothelial cell NO-independent EDH (endotheium dependent hyperpolarization- vascular smooth muscle relaxation (Senadheera et al., 2012) | TRPC3 | |
| endothelial cell migration - wound healing (lysoPC, fibroblast transdifferentiation) (Davis et al., 2012) | TRPC6 | |
| static stretch response of endothelial cells - stretch-ATR1-Gq-TRPC-Ca-ET1-ANP-GCA-cGMP-PKG-zyxin-gene transcription (Suresh Babu et al., 2012) | TRPC3 | |
| intestinal motility regulation by vagus (Tsvilovskyy et al., 2009) | TRPC4+TRPC6 | |
| cold transduction in the peripheral nervous system (Zimmermann et al., 2011) | TRPC5 | |
| exocrine secretion (saliva) (Liu et al., 2007) | TRPC1 | |
| efferocytosis and survival signaling in macrophages (Tano et al., 2011) | TRPC3 | |
| normal touch (Quick et al., 2012) | TRPC3-C6* | |
| light entrainment by ipRGCs (melanopsin signaling) (Xue et al., 2011) | TRPC6-C7* | |
| innate immunity (LPS) (Tauseef et al., 2012) | TRPC6 | |
| short term post synaptic memory - burst firing-induced after-depolarization (Phelan et al., 2012) | TRPC1-C4* | |
| pheromone signal transduction in vomeronasal sensory neurons – lost in evolution between new world and old world monkeys and higher primates. (Liman & Innan, 2003) | TRPC2 | |
| 4. | In Disease (Pathophysiological) | |
| cardiac hypertrophy induced by Ang II (Onohara et al., 2006) | TRPC3+TRPC6 | |
| cardiac hypertrophy induced by transverse aorta constriction (TAC) (Seth et al., 2009) | TRPC1 | |
| albuminuria associated with Ang II induced cardiac hypertrophy (Eckel et al., 2009) | TRPC6 | |
| epileptogenic postsynaptic regenerative plateau potemtials (Phelan et al., 2012) | TRPC1-C4* | |
| calcium toxicity in secretory epithelia (Kim et al., 2011) | TRPC3 | |
| neuronal excitotoxicity (Phelan et al., 2012) | TRPC1-C4* | |
| neurotoxin induced ER stress response and ER calcium homeostasis (Selvaraj et al., 2012) | TRPC1 loss | |
| pro-inflammatory in murine allergic asthma (Yildirim et al., 2012) | TRPC1 | |
Bair AM, Thippegowda PB, Freichel M, Cheng N, Ye RD, Vogel SM, Yu Y, Flockerzi V, Malik AB, Tiruppathi C. (2009) Ca2+ entry via TRPC channels is necessary for thrombin-induced NF-κB activation in endothelial cells through AMP-activated protein kinase and protein kinase Cδ. Journal of Biological Chemistry 284: 563-74.
Davis J, Burr AR, Davis G, Birnbaumer L, Molkentin JD. (2012) A novel TRPC6-dependent pathway for myofibroblast transdifferentiation and wound healing in vivo. Developmental Cell 23: 705-715.
Dietrich A, Mederos y Schnitzler M, Gollasch M, Gross V, Storch U, Dubrovska G, Obst M, Yildirim E, Salanova B, Kalwa H, Essin K, Pinkenburg O, Luft FC, Gudermann T, Birnbaumer L. (2005) Increased vascular smooth muscle contractility in TRPC6−/− mice. Molecular and Cellular Biology 25: 6980-9.
Eckel J, Lavin PJ, Finch EA, Mukerji N, Burch J, Gbadegesin R, Wu G, Bowling B, Byrd A, Hall G, Sparks M, Zhang ZS, Homstad A, Barisoni L, Birbaumer L, Rosenberg P, Winn MP. (2001) TRPC6 enhances angiotensin II-induced albuminuria. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 22: 526-35.
Freichel M, Suh SH, Pfeifer A, Schweig U, Trost C, Weissgerber P, Biel M, Philipp S, Freise D, Droogmans G, Hofmann F, Flockerzi V, Nilius B. (2001) Lack of an endothelial store-operated Ca2+ current impairs agonist-dependent vasorelaxation in TRP4−/− mice. Nature Cell Biology 3: 121-7.
Hartmann J, Dragicevic E, Adelsberger H, Henning HA, Sumser M, Abramowitz J, Blum R, Dietrich A, Freichel M, Flockerzi V, Birnbaumer L, Konnerth A. (2008) TRPC3 channels are required for synaptic transmission and motor coordination. Neuron 59: 392-8.
Kim MS, Lee KP, Yang D, Shin DM, Abramowitz J, Kiyonaka S, Birnbaumer L, Mori Y, Muallem S. (2011) Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of the Ca2+ influx channel TRPC3 protects secretory epithelia from Ca2+-dependent toxicity. Gastroenterology 140: 2107-15.
Klaiber M, Dankworth B, Kruse M, Hartmann M, Nikolaev VO, Yang RB, Völker K, Gassner B, Oberwinkler H, Feil R, Freichel M, Groschner K, Skryabin BV, Frantz S, Birnbaumer L, Pongs O, Kuhn M. (2011) A cardiac pathway of cyclic GMP-independent signaling of guanylyl cyclase A, the receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108: 18500-5
Liu X, Cheng KT, Bandyopadhyay BC, Pani B, Dietrich A, Paria BC, Swaim WD, Beech D, Yildrim E, Singh BB, Birnbaumer L, Ambudkar IS. (2007) Attenuation of store-operated Ca2+ current impairs salivary gland fluid secretion in TRPC1−/− mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104: 17542-7.
Munsch T, Freichel M, Flockerzi V, Pape HC. (2003) Contribution of transient receptor potential channels to the control of GABA release from dendrites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 16065-70.
Onohara N, Nishida M, Inoue R, Kobayashi H, Sumimoto H, Sato Y, Mori Y, Nagao T, Kurose H. (2006) TRPC3 and TRPC6 are essential for angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. EMBO Journal 25: 5305-16.
Liman ER, Innan H. (2003) Relaxed selective pressure on an essential component of pheromone transduction in primate evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 3328-32.
Phelan KD, Mock MM, Kretz O, Shwe UT, Kozhemyakin M, Greenfield LJ, Dietrich A, Birnbaumer L, Freichel M, Flockerzi V, Zheng F.(2012) Heteromeric canonical transient receptor potential 1 and 4 channels play a critical role in epileptiform burst firing and seizure-induced neurodegeneration. Molecular Pharmacology 81: 384-92.
Poteser M, Schleifer H, Lichtenegger M, Schernthaner M, Stockner T, Kappe CO, Glasnov TN, Romanin C, Groschner K.(2011) PKC-dependent coupling of calcium permeation through transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) to calcineurin signaling in HL-1 myocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108: 10556-61.
Quick K, Zhao J, Eijkelkamp N, Linley JE, Rugiero F, Cox JJ, Raouf R, Gringhuis M, Sexton JE, Abramowitz J, Taylor R, Forge A, Ashmore J, Kirkwood N, Kros CJ, Richardson GP, Freichel M, Flockerzi V, Birnbaumer L, Wood JN. (2012) TRPC3 and TRPC6 are essential for normal mechanotransduction in subsets of sensory neurons and cochlear hair cells. Open Biology 2: 120068.
Selvaraj S, Sun Y, Watt JA, Wang S, Lei S, Birnbaumer L, Singh BB. (2012) Neurotoxin-induced ER stress in mouse dopaminergic neurons involves downregulation of TRPC1 and inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling. Journal of Clinical Investigation 122: 1354-67.
Senadheera S, Kim Y, Grayson TH, Toemoe S, Kochukov MY, Abramowitz J, Housley GD, Bertrand RL, Chadha PS, Bertrand PP, Murphy TV, Tare M, Birnbaumer L, Marrelli SP, Sandow SL. (2012) Cardiovascular Research 95: 439-47.
Seth M, Zhang ZS, Mao L, Graham V, Burch J, Stiber J, Tsiokas L, Winn M, Abramowitz J, Rockman HA, Birnbaumer L, Rosenberg P.(2009) TRPC1 channels are critical for hypertrophic signaling in the heart. Circulation Research 105: 1023-30.
Smedlund K, Tano JY, Vazquez G. (2010) The constitutive function of native TRPC3 channels modulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in coronary endothelial cells through nuclear factor κB signaling. Circulation Research 106: 1479-88.
Stroh O, Freichel M, Kretz O, Birnbaumer L, Hartmann J, Egger V. (2012) NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic activation of TRPC channels in olfactory bulb granule cells. Journal of Neuroscience 32:5737-46.
Suresh Babu S, Wojtowicz A, Freichel M, Birnbaumer L, Hecker M, Cattaruzza M. (2012) Mechanism of stretch-induced activation of the mechanotransducer zyxin in vascular cells. Science Signaling in press.
Tai C, Hines DJ, Choi HB, MacVicar BA. (2011) Plasma membrane insertion of TRPC5 channels contributes to the cholinergic plateau potential in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus 21: 958-67.
Tano JY, Smedlund K, Lee R, Abramowitz J, Birnbaumer L, Vazquez G. (2011) Impairment of survival signaling and efferocytosis in TRPC3-deficient macrophages. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 410: 643-7.
Tauseef M, Knezevic N, Chava KR, Smith M, Sukriti S, Gianaris S, Obukhov AG, Vogel SM, Schraufnagel SE, Dietrich A, Birnbaumer L, Malik AB, Mehta D. (2012) Cation channel TRPC6 activation of TLR4 in endothelial cells mediates sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Journal of Experimental Medicine doi: 10.1084/jem.20111355
Tsvilovskyy VV, Zholos AV, Aberle T, Philipp SE, Dietrich A, Zhu MX, Birnbaumer L, Freichel M, Flockerzi V. (2009) Deletion of TRPC4 and TRPC6 in mice impairs smooth muscle contraction and intestinal motility in vivo. Gastroenterology 137: 1415-24.
Welsh DG, Morielli AD, Nelson MT, Brayden JE. (2003) Transient receptor potential channels regulate myogenic tone of resistance arteries. Circulation Research 90:248-50.
Xue T, Do MT, Riccio A, Jiang Z, Hsieh J, Wang HC, Merbs SL, Welsbie DS, Yoshioka T, Weissgerber P, Stolz S, Flockerzi V, Freichel M, Simon MI, Clapham DE, Yau KW. (2011) Melanopsin signalling in mammalian iris and retina. Nature 479: 67-73
Yildirim E, Carey MA, Card JW, Dietrich A, Flake GP, Zhang Y, Bradbury JA, Rebolloso Y, Germolec DR, Morgan DL, Zeldin DC, Birnbaumer L. (2012) Severely blunted allergen-induced pulmonary Th2 cell response and lung hyperresponsiveness in type 1 transient receptor potential channel-deficient mice. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 303: L539-L549.
Zimmermann K, Lennerz JK, Hein A, Link AS, Kaczmarek JS, Delling M, Uysal S, Pfeifer JD, Riccio A, Clapham DE. (2011) Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 5 (TRPC5) is a cold-transducer in the peripheral nervous system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108: 18114-9.